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Operation Ice Bridge will soon reach the end of its operational lifetime

2009-10-27T06:09:00.001-07:00

A satellite launched by NASA in 2003 to keep an eye on the massive ice sheets that cover the Polar Regions will soon reach the end of its operational lifetime. A second satellite, dubbed ICESat-II, won’t launch until 2014 at the earliest.

That means a six-year gap for scientists who use the data collected by the satellite’s laser altimeter system to monitor such things as elevation changes in the ice. Researchers use that information to understand not only how the ice changes over time, but to help calculate the amount of sea level rise from ice lost to the ocean.But NASA has a backup plan to bridge the gap — the largest airborne survey of Earth’s polar ice ever flown.

Operation Ice Bridge is a six-year mission to fly an instrumented airplane out of Punta Arenas, Chile, across the ice and snow of West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula. A modified DC-8 jetliner will crisscross ice shelves, sea ice, glaciers and the massive western ice sheet beginning this month.

Seelye Martin, chief scientist for the project from the University of Washington, said Ice Bridge is a partial replacement for ICESat, which stands for Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite. The DC-8 will carry precision instruments to map the ice topography just as ICESat did, allowing scientists to monitor elevation fluctuations in the ice sheet as well as changes in sea ice thickness.

SPACE SHUTTLE ATLANTIS - Summary

2009-10-19T00:01:00.000-07:00

Atlantis' mission will focus on storing spare hardware on the exterior of the International Space Station. The 11-day flight will include three spacewalks and the installation of two platforms to the station’s truss, or backbone. The platforms will hold spare parts to sustain station operations after the shuttles are retired. This equipment is large and can only be transported using the unique capability of the shuttle. Atlantis also will bring back a station crew member after more than two months aboard the orbiting laboratory. This is slated to be the final space shuttle crew rotation flight for the station.
CREW:
Charlie Hobaugh (hoe-baw)
Barry E. Wilmore
Leland Melvin
Randy Bresnik
Mike Foreman
Robert “Bobby” Satcher
Nicole Stott
FACTS:

For MISSE-7 there are 700 materials samples that will be installed in holders and placed in two experiment trays, called Passive Experiment Containers 7A and 7B.
• The PECs will be mounted on the outside of the station.
• The experiments include tests of spacesuit materials for use on the lunar surface and materials for the solar arrays being designed for the Orion spacecraft.
• This installment of experiments for the MISSE program will be the first to receive power directly from the station and use its communication system to receive commands and downlink data.
• During STS-129, the two platforms that will be installed on the station are known as ExPRESS Logistics
Carriers 1 & 2. EXPRESS stands for “Expedite the Processing of Experiments to the Space Station.” Each
ELC can hold up to 9,800 pounds (total with spares, ELC 1: 13,842 lbs, ELC 2: 13,365 lbs). The ELCs hold:
• 2 spare gyroscopes that help maintain the station’s attitude in orbit
• 2 nitrogen tank assemblies used for pressurizing the station's ammonia cooling system
• 2 pump modules for pumping ammonia from a tank through cooling line in the truss
• an ammonia tank assembly. Ammonia is used to move excess heat from inside the station to the radiators located outside.
• a spare latching end effector, or hand, that allows the station's robotic arm to grapple
• a spare trailing umbilical system for the Mobile Transporter, the rail car that the arm travels on.
• a high-pressure gas tank for supplying oxygen for the airlock in support of spacewalks
• Two other ELCs will be delivered next year: one on STS-133 and one on STS-134.
• Shuttle Atlantis also will carry the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services Ultra High Frequency Communication Unit. It will be integrated on the station in preparation for Space Exploration Technologies’
(SpaceX) future flights to the orbiting laboratory.
• Developed by SpaceX, in collaboration with NASA, the unit will allow for communication between the station, SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft, and ground-based mission control.
• STS-129 is the 2nd flight to carry two African-American astronauts. The first was STS-116, which included Robert Curbeam and Joan Higginbotham.

Antarctic meteorites help in the study of early solar system

2009-10-12T21:33:00.000-07:00

Field researchers in Antarctica have returned with more than 17,500 meteorites over the 30-plus years that the extraterrestrial material has been collected from the frozen continent.

Yet meteorite science is still in its infancy, and the collected rocks still hold plenty of surprises that could shape our understanding of the solar system, according to scientists involved in the search and characterization of the Antarctic meteorite collection.

A paper in the journal Nature earlier this year illustrates his point. Scientists who analyzed two meteorites collected by Harvey’s team during the 2006-07 field seasons in an area called the Graves Nunatak ice field reported that the rocks are unlike anything found before. The composition of the light-colored rocks has similarities to the Earth’s crust, which has implications for how some asteroids form and evolve.

Additional work by scientists in the community may involve isotopic analysis to help “fingerprint” the sample to determine its origin. For example, scientists can identify rare Martian rocks by analyzing the nitrogen and noble gases found in glass pockets in the rocks created by impacts. That information is matched against the data collected by NASA’s Viking program about Mars’ atmosphere.

All those rocks, ranging in size from smaller than a marble to larger than a football, are bagged and boxed in Antarctica in their frozen state for shipment back to the United States.Additional work by scientists in the community may involve isotopic analysis to help “fingerprint” the sample to determine its origin. For example, scientists can identify rare Martian rocks by analyzing the nitrogen and noble gases found in glass pockets in the rocks created by impacts. That information is matched against the data collected by NASA’s Viking program about Mars’ atmosphere.

Astronomers on Centaurus galaxy

2009-09-10T00:27:00.000-07:00

Astronomers said that Centaurus A a new found galaxy emits a radio glow covering an area about 200 times bigger than the full moon.

With the radio wave information, a team has formed the image of the galaxy which lies some 14 million light-years away, in the constellation and has a black hole that is 50 million times the mass of the Sun. This image will help the astronomers to understand about the evolution of galaxy and about black holes.

On this information Centaurus A is so big and bright galaxy and that no one would have ever tried making such an image.

The astronomers used CSIRO's Australia Compact Array telescope near Narrabri, NSW, to view the galaxy for more than 1200 hours, over several years and got 406 individual images, which were mosaic together to make one large image.

Centaurus A is the nearby of the galaxies with a big black hole producing radio glow, which makes it the easiest to study.

Safe way to decrease weight

2009-09-03T00:33:00.000-07:00

Weight cycling, or losing and regaining weight repeatedly, may increase the risk of developing gallstones.

You can take several measures to decrease the risk of developing gallstones during weight loss. Losing weight gradually, instead of losing a large amount of weight quickly, lowers your risk. Depending on your starting weight, experts recommend losing weight at the rate of 1/2 to 2 pounds per week. Losing weight at this rate commonly occurs for up to 6 months. After 6 months, weight loss usually declines and weight stabilizes because individuals in lower weight groups use fewer calories (energy). You can also decrease the risk of gallstones associated with weight cycling by aiming for a modest weight loss that you can maintain. Even a loss of 5 to 10 percent of body weight over a period of 6 months or more can improve the health of an adult who is overweight or obese.

Your food choices can also affect your gallstone risk. Experts recommend including some fat in your diet to stimulate gallbladder contracting and emptying. Current recommendations indicate that 20 to 35 percent of your total calories should come from fat. Studies have also shown that diets high in fiber and calcium may reduce the risk of gallstone development.
Finally, regular physical activity is related to a lower risk for gallstones. Aim for approximately 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity activity on most days of the week to manage your body weight and prevent unhealthy weight gain. To sustain weight loss, engage in at least 60 to 90 minutes of daily moderate-intensity physical activity.

Symptoms of stomach cancer

2009-08-31T23:39:00.000-07:00

In most cases symptoms of stomach cancer are not easy to find out. As the cancer grows to a stage, the most common symptoms are:
uneasiness in the stomach area
Feeling full or overstuffed after a small meal
sickness and vomiting
Weight loss

Studies have found the following risk factors for stomach cancer:

Age: Most people with this disease are 72 or older.

Sex: Men are more likely than women to develop stomach cancer.

Race: Stomach cancer is more common in Asian, Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and African Americans than in non-Hispanic white Americans.

Diet: Studies suggest that people who eat a diet high in foods that are smoked, salted, or pickled may be at increased risk for stomach cancer. On the other hand, eating fresh fruits and vegetables may protect against this disease.

Helicobacter pylori infection: H. pylori is a type of bacteria that commonly lives in the stomach. H. pylori infection increases the risk of stomach inflammation and stomach ulcers. It also increases the risk of stomach cancer, but only a small number of infected people develop stomach cancer.

Body mass index

2009-08-28T05:11:00.000-07:00

Various methods are used to determine if someone’s weight has increased his or her health risks. Some are based on the relationship between height and weight; others are based on measurements of body fat. The most commonly used method today is the body mass index (BMI). BMI is an index of weight adjusted for the height of an individual.

BMI can be used to screen for both overweight and obesity in adults. It is the measurement of choice for many obesity researchers and other health professionals, as well as the definition used in most published information on overweight and obesity. BMI is a calculation based on height and weight, and it is not gender-specific in adults. BMI does not directly measure percentage of body fat, but it is a more accurate indicator of overweight and obesity than relying on weight alone.BMI is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. The mathematical formula is “weight (kg)/height (m²).”

Best Tips for Eating Healthy when you are eating out.

2009-08-25T00:31:00.000-07:00

As a beverage choice, ask for water or order fat-free or low-fat milk, unsweetened tea, or other drinks without added sugars.
Ask for whole wheat bread for sandwiches.
In a restaurant, start your meal with a salad packed with veggies, to help control hunger and feel satisfied sooner.
Ask for salad dressing to be served on the side. Then use only as much as you want.
Choose main dishes that include vegetables, such as stir fries, kebobs, or pasta with a tomato sauce.
Order steamed, grilled, or broiled dishes instead of those that are fried or sautéed.
Choose a “small” or “medium” portion. This includes main dishes, side dishes, and beverages.
Order an item from the menu instead heading for the “all-you-can-eat” buffet.
If main portions at a restaurant are larger than you want, try one of these strategies to keep from overeating:
Order an appetizer or side dish instead of an entrée.
Share a main dish with a friend.
If you can chill the extra food right away, take leftovers home in a “doggy bag.”
When your food is delivered, set aside or pack half of it to go immediately.
Resign from the “clean your plate club” – when you’ve eaten enough, leave the rest.
To keep your meal moderate in calories, fat, and sugars:
Ask for salad dressing to be served “on the side” so you can add only as much as you want.
Order foods that do not have creamy sauces or gravies
Add little or no butter to your food.
Choose fruits for dessert most often.
On long commutes or shopping trips, pack some fresh fruit, cut-up vegetables, low-fat string cheese sticks, or a handful of unsalted nuts to help you avoid stopping for sweet or fatty snacks.

Geologic Hazards

2009-08-17T00:11:00.000-07:00

The geologic processes that formed the spectacular landscapes of many national parks remain active today, and can be hazardous to park visitors, staff, infrastructure, and neighbors. Potentially hazardous processes include volcanic eruptions and other geothermal related features, earthquakes, landslides and other slope failures, mudflows, sinkhole collapses, snow avalanches, flooding, glacial surges and outburstfloods, tsunamis, and shoreline movements.

What are Geologic Hazards?

Geohazards are any geological or hydrological process that poses a threat to people and/or their property.

Avalanche
• Masses of rock or ice that fall or slide suddenly under the force of gravity.
Earthquake
• A sudden ground motion or vibration of the Earth. Produced by a rapid release of stored-up energy along an active fault.
Epicenter
• The point on the Earth’s surface located directly above the focus of an earthquake
Eruption
• Occurs when solid, liquid or gaseous volcanic materials are ejected into the Earth’s atmosphere or surface by volcanic activity. Eruptions may occur as quiet lava flows or violent explosive events.
Lava
• Magma that reaches the Earth’s surface through a volcanic eruption. When cooled and solidified, forms extrusive (volcanic) igneous rock.
Magma
• Molten rock. Magma may be completely liquid or a mixture of liquid rock, dissolved gases and crystals. Molten rock that flows out onto the Earth’s surface is called lava.
Mass wasting
• Movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity.
Volcano
• The solid structure created when lava, gases, and hot particles escape to the Earth's surface through vents. Volcanoes are usually conical. A volcano is "active" when it is erupting or has erupted recently. Volcanoes that have not erupted recently but are considered likely to erupt in the future are said to be "dormant." A volcano that has not erupted for a long time and is not expected to erupt in the future is "extinct."
Tsunami (plural tsunami)
• A vast sea wave caused by the sudden dropping or rising of a section of the sea floor following an earth- quake. Tsunami may be as much as 30 meters high and 200 kilometers long, may move as fast as 250 kilometers an hour, and may continue to occur for as long as a few days.

What is magnetosphere?

2009-08-12T05:47:00.000-07:00

A magnetosphere is that area of space, around a planet, that is controlled by the planet's magnetic field. The shape of the Earth's magnetosphere is the direct result of being blasted by solar wind. It prevents most of the particles from the Sun, carried in the solar wind, from hitting the Earth. The Sun and other planets have magnetospheres, but the Earth has the strongest one of all the rocky planets. The Earth's magnetosphere is a highly dynamic structure that responds dramatically to solar variations. Life on Earth developed and is sustained under the protection of this variable magnetosphere.

Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins

2009-08-09T23:17:00.000-07:00

Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins are characterised by a robust and medium sized body with a short, slightly recurved and triangular-shaped dorsal fin. Individuals from the western part of the species' range have a prominent dorsal ridge forming part the base of the dorsal fin. However, this ridge is not present in Australian animals.

Colouration is uniformly grey, with flanks shading to off-white. Age related changes include a loss of grey colour (shading to white or pinkish) and increased ventral spotting in older animals.

In Australian waters, male Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins are recorded to attain lengths of 2.62 m, while females have measured up to 2.6 m. The age and length at physical maturity of South African animals are 13-14 years and 2.58-2.74 m respectively. The maximum lengths and weights recorded in South African animals are 2.7 m and 260 kg for males, and 2.4 m and 170 kg for females.

Adult Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins may be found singly or in pairs, while immature individuals tend to associate with groups containing more than one adult. Group size is generally four to seven, but may be as large as 25. Larger Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin groups are comprised of all age classes, with adults representing between one half and two thirds of the group.

Goodwin indicated that humpback dolphins show strict female philopatry (stay in the area they were born). However Atkins and Atkins were less certain about the state of philopatry in Richards Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, but stated that a small proportion of the animals could be considered resident.

The Tree-kangaroos

2009-08-05T22:01:00.000-07:00

Lucky you are if you come across a tree-kangaroo in the forest and actually get to see it! Often, the only evidence of a tree-kangaroo's presence is the sudden crash of leaves and branches followed by a thud as the very shy tree-kangaroo jumps from its lofty hiding spot and flee into the bush. Some tree-kangaroo sightings are simply that of a long, brown furry tail disappearing into the undergrowth.

The Wet Tropics is home to Lumholtz's and Bennett's Tree-kangaroos. Both stand no more than 60cm (2 feet) tall but their tails are almost a meter (3 feet) long. They spend most of their time in the tree canopy feeding on leaves and fruits.

The Lumholtz's Tree-kangaroo

Lumholtz's Tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) occurs mostly at high altitudes between Kirrama (in the southern Wet Tropics area) to Mt Spurgeon (in the northern Wet Tropics but south of the Daintree River). Generally solitary animal, small groups of up to four can sometimes be seen. A single young is produced and there appears to be no specific breeding season. It is nocturnal and spends the day crouched on a branch sleeping.

The Bennett's Tree-kangaroo

A little larger than Lumholtz's Tree-kangaroo is the Bennett's Tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus bennettianus). It resides at high and low altitudes north of the Daintree River in an area of only about 70km by 50km (44 miles by 31 miles).

Delhi airport among the world's worst to sleep in.

2009-07-21T23:24:00.000-07:00

Delhi airport took a place among the world's worst airports for travelers to sleep in, a new poll reported.The survey was taken in the website www.sleepinginairports.net, asked travelers to evaluate the best and worst airports around the world.

India’s capital airport grabbed the fifth spot, and has been described as -full of mosquitoes and birds, filthy, crowded, has poor signage and several announcements that rise at night.

"Had to change in the toilet which made the one in Trainspotting look like the Ritz," News.com.au quoted Moray as saying.

"It was dirty, with all pervasive smell of sweet over powering phenyl which they use for disinfecting. The departure lounge has this odour mixed with that of cigarettes," said another traveler Amit Mathur.

Mumbai airport is also in top 10, it takes 8th spot for its lack of food and shops open at night, disgusting toilets, and poor air-conditioning.

List of top 10 worst airports to sleep in.

1. Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris
2. Sheremetyevo Airport, Russia
3. JFK Airport, New York City
4. Los Angeles Airport
5. Delhi Airport
6. O'Hare airport, Chicago
7. Mumbai Airport
8. Manila Airport
9. Rome Airport, Fiumicino
10. Heathrow Airport, London (ANI)

Two new and different twists to today's changing climate

2009-07-13T00:39:00.000-07:00

Earth is currently in a period of warming. Over the last century, Earth's average temperature rose about 1.1°F (0.6°C). In the last two decades, the rate of our world's warming accelerated and scientists predict that the globe will continue to warm over the course of the 21st century. Is this warming trend a reason for concern? After all, our world has witnessed extreme warm periods before, such as during the time of the dinosaurs. Earth has also seen numerous ice ages on roughly 11,000-year cycles for at least the last million years. So, change is perhaps the only constant in Earth's 4.5-billion-year history.

Scientists note that there are two new and different twists to today's changing climate: (1) The globe is warming at a faster rate than it ever has before; and (2) Humans are the main reason Earth is warming. Since the industrial revolution, which began in the mid-1800s, humans have attained the magnitude of a geological force in terms of our ability change Earth's environment and impact its climate system.

Since 1900, human population doubled and then doubles again. Today more than 6.5 billion people inhabit our world. By burning increasing amounts of coal and oil, we drove up carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere by 30 percent. Carbon dioxide is a "greenhouse gas" that traps warmth near the surface.

Humans are also affecting Earth's climate system in other ways. For example, we transformed roughly 40 percent of Earth's habitable land surface to make way for our crop fields, cities, roads, livestock pastures, etc. We also released particulate pollution (called "aerosols") into the atmosphere. Changing the surface and introducing aerosols into the atmosphere can both increase and reduce cloud cover. Thus, in addition to driving up average global temperature, humans are also influencing rainfall and drought patterns around the world. While scientists have solid evidence of such human influence, more data and research are needed to better understand and quantify our impact on our world's climate system.

The impact of new technology on our environment

2009-07-04T04:46:00.000-07:00

An element broadly used to produce microchips and flat-screen monitors and televisions has 17,000 times the greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide, but remains unfettered under domestic laws or international treaties.The chemical in issue is known as nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), and researchers Michael J. Prather and Juno Hsu have called it the "missing greenhouse gas." previously used only in little quantities to create microchips, NF3 has become a main product due to its use in the liquid crystal displays of flat-screen televisions and computer monitors. Global production is expected to reach 8,000 tons per year by 2010, which could have a global warming effect equivalent to 130 million metric tons of carbon dioxide.

Semiconductor manufacturers determined that NF3 would make a superior substitute for PFCs (perfluorocarbons, it is used in creating chips at first), even though NF3 has a much larger greenhouse effect. The source was that while two-thirds of PFCs escape into the atmosphere during manufacturing, studies illustrated that only 2 percent of NF3s escape during the same process. Prather has challenged these numbers, noting that NF3 is "a slippery gas," capable of escaping not only during manufacturing but also through transport, application or discarding.

“This will cause a drastic change in the environment “

The Oldest Sport

2009-06-25T00:17:00.000-07:00

Archery is a game that has started years and years before the modern day story that we have today with all kinds of high-tech tools and different techniques of shooting and competing with other archers. In approx. 2800 BC, the first composite bow was produced by the Egyptians. The arrows used were extremely light, could be shot 400 yards using the complex bow and would with no trouble penetrate the shield of that time period.

The bow was keep as a hunting weapon, and archery sustained to be practiced as a sport in England by both royalty and the general public. The first English archery societies dated from the 16th and 17th centuries. The oldest continuously held archery tournament still present, known as the Ancient Scorton Arrow, was founded in Yorkshire in 1673; and about 1790 the Royal Toxophilite Society was twisted to advance the sport

Physically, the composition of archery has developed, the conditions for which archers make use of their bow and arrow has changed drastically, and the way in which war utilized archery has almost came to an end. Archery has marked and will continue to etch an imprint on the world's mind even if only in the past, legends, and tales.

Luxury Train Travel Tours in India

2009-06-10T22:26:00.000-07:00

The Deccan Odyssey

The Deccan Odyssey is a joint venture between the Indian Railways and the Government of Maharashtra represented by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC). The train showcases the tourism assets of Maharashtra, the splendor of Konkan coast, the art, culture, the heritage of Maharashtra as well as local arts, crafts and cuisine of the state during the journey. It takes 80 passengers on a tour of the Konkan region, including Goa, and northwestern Maharashtra. It will halt at Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Goa, Pune, Aurangabad, (for Ajanta and Ellora) and Nashik. On the journey will be visits to forts, other historical places, museums, beaches and ferry rides in the backwaters.

Tariff per person per night :Tickets for the train are priced at US$ 350 per head per day

The journey of train includes :Mumbai - Ratnagiri - Nagari - Sawantwadi - Karmali - Madgaon - Pune - Aurangabad - Nasik – Mumbai
Tariff does not include: Liquor, Video, camera fees

The Fairy Queen

A two-saloon train makes a short journey from Delhi to Alwar. The Fairy Queen, which finds mention in the "Guinness Book of World Records", is the oldest running steam locomotive in the world. For an idyllic weekend trip between Delhi and Alwar, the Fairy Queen comes to the rescue of those bored with the same old blaze ways of travelling around the place. The Fairy Queen with the privileged ones aboard reaches the beautiful town of Alwar in Rajasthan the same day, from where the guests will be taken to Sariska Tiger Reserve for an overnight stay.

Round Trip Package Tariff: Rs. 10,000/- for Adult
Rs. 5,000/- (Children 5-12 years)
All inclusive except alcoholic drinks

The Palace on Wheels

Travel Rajasthan by palace on wheels and witness the history describing itself gracefully at Rajasthan .Rajasthan is also famous for its hospitality. The chivalrous men with long moustaches and their brightly coloured turbans and the attractive ladies in their resplendent ghaghra-cholis are always ready to go out of their way to make you feel special. The traditional music and dance are genuinely captivating.
Palace on Wheel tour takes you to the princely states of Rajasthan in just 7 days in addition to a trip to majestic Taj Mahal in Agra. This royal journey on palace on wheels starts on every Wednesday evening in Delhi and ends on the following Wednesday early in the morning.

The journey of train includes: Delhi - Jodhpur - Jaipur - Udaipur - Agra - Gujarat - Damasks - Bharatpur - Chittaurgarh - Sawai Madhopur - Ranthambore National Park - Pichola

Tariff:Single Occupancy 485 395
Double Occupancy 350 295
Triple Occupancy 285 240

Tariff does not include: Liquor
Video camera fees

Golden Chariot train
Golden Chariot train is a sojourn through Karnataka's choicest tourist destinations and Goa's most beautiful beaches. The 7-day journey takes you into the remarkable treasure troves of Hampi, Halebidu and Belur, Mysore's majestic Palaces and attractive gardens, temples frozen in the past and superb wildlife at Nagarhole, Kabini. The experience never ceases to enchant you as it culminates the fun-filled week at Goan beaches. Board the Golden Chariot and have an experience of a lifetime.

The journey of train includes :Bangalore, Mysore, Kabini, Belur, Hampi, Badami,
Pattadkal, Aihole and Goa.

Tariff Valid Between May 2008 and September 2008
Occupancy Type Per person per night Total for 7 nights
Single occupancy US$ 425 US$ 2975
Double occupancy US$ 330 US$ 2310
Triple occupancy US$ 265 US$ 1855

Tariff Valid Between October 2008 and March 2008
Occupancy Type Per person per night Total for 7 nights
Single occupancy US$ 575 US$ 4025
Double occupancy US$ 430 US$ 3010
Triple occupancy US$ 345 US$ 2415

Tariff does not include: Liquor
Video camera fees

Arcology

2008-02-26T21:20:00.000-08:00

Arcology, a portmanteau of ecology and architecture, is a set of architectural design principles aimed toward the design of enormous habitats (hyperstructures) of extremely high human population density. These largely hypothetical structures, which are themselves commonly referred to as "arcologies," would be self-contained, contain a variety of residential and commercial facilities, minimize individual human environmental impact, and possibly be economically self-sufficient.

OMAC Project

2008-02-21T23:08:00.001-08:00

The OMAC Project is a six issue American comic book limited series written by Greg Rucka with art by Jesus Saiz and published by DC Comics in 2005. The series was collected, along with Countdown to Infinite Crisis and Wonder Woman #219, in a trade paperback in November 2005.

It is one of four miniseries leading up to DC Comics' Infinite Crisis event. The series directly follows the Countdown to Infinite Crisis special, picking up the story where the special left off. While the OMACs look similar to the earlier Jack Kirby creation OMAC, they are quite different, with a different acronym than the original One-Man Army Corps. OMAC originally stood for Observational Meta-human Activity Construct, but currently stands for "Omni Mind And Community."

On-off control

2008-02-14T23:52:00.000-08:00

On-off control

For example, a thermostat is a simple negative-feedback control: when the temperature (the "measured variable" or MV) goes below a set point (SP), the heater is switched on. Another example could be a pressure-switch on an air compressor: when the pressure (MV) drops below the threshold (SP), the pump is powered. Refrigerators and vacuum pumps contain similar mechanisms operating in reverse, but still providing negative feedback to correct errors.

Simple on-off feedback control systems like these are cheap and effective. In some cases, like the simple compressor example, they may represent a good design choice.

Systems theory

2008-02-07T19:10:00.000-08:00

Systems theory is an interdisciplinary field of science and the study of the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science. More specificially, it is a framework by which one can analyze and/or describe any group of objects that work in concert to produce some result. This could be a single organism, any organization or society, or any electro-mechanical or informational artifact. Systems theory as a technical and general academic area of study predominantly refers to the science of systems that resulted from Bertalanffy's General System Theory (GST), among others, in initiating what became a project of systems research and practice. It was Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson who developed interdisciplinary perspectives in systems theory (such as positive and negative feedback in the social sciences).

Ethnology

2008-01-24T01:23:00.000-08:00

Ethnology (from the Greek ethnos, meaning "family, lineage, people") is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyses the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity. Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures.

The term ethnology is credited to Adam Franz Kollár who used and defined it in his Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates published in Vienna in 1783. Kollár's interest in linguistic and cultural diversity was aroused by the situation in his native multi-lingual Kingdom of Hungary and his roots among its Slovaks, and by the shifts that began to emerge after the gradual retreat of the Ottoman Empire in the more distant Balkans.

Paraspeckles

2008-01-16T20:39:00.000-08:00

Paraspeckles are irregularly shaped compartments in the nucleus' interchromatin space. First documented in HeLa cells, where there are generally 10–30 per nucleus, paraspeckles are now known to also exist in all human primary cells, transformed cell lines and tissue sections. Their name is derived from their distribution in the nucleus; the "para" is short for parallel and the "speckles" refers to the splicing speckles to which they are always in close proximity.

Paraspeckles are dynamic structures that are altered in response to changes in cellular metabolic activity. They are transcription dependent and in the absence of RNA Pol II transcription, the paraspeckle disappears and all of its associated protein components (PSP1, p54nrb, PSP2, CFI(m)68 and PSF) form a crescent shaped perinucleolar cap in the nucleolus.

Biological psychology

2008-01-08T20:22:00.000-08:00

Biological psychology is the scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental states. Because all behavior is controlled by the central nervous system, it is sensible to study how the brain functions in order to understand behavior. This is the approach taken in behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychology. Neuropsychology is the branch of psychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the 'brain' relate to specific behavioral and psychological processes. Often neuropsychologists are employed as scientists to advance scientific or medical knowledge. Neuropsychology is particularly concerned with the understanding of brain injury in an attempt to work out normal psychological function.

The approach of cognitive neuroscience to studying the link between brain and behavior is to use neuroimaging tools, such as to observe which areas of the brain are active during a particular task.

Ontology

2008-01-03T21:41:00.000-08:00

Ontology is a study of conceptions of reality and the nature of being. In philosophy, ontology is the study of being or existence and forms the basic subject matter of metaphysics. It seeks to describe or posit the basic categories and relationships of being or existence to define entities and types of entities within its framework.
Some philosophers, notably of the Platonic school, contend that all nouns refer to entities. Other philosophers contend that some nouns do not name entities but provide a kind of shorthand way of referring to a collection (of either objects or events). In this latter view, mind, instead of referring to an entity, refers to a collection of mental events experienced by a person; society refers to a collection of persons with some shared interactions, and geometry refers to a collection of a specific kind of intellectual activity.

Prototyping

2007-12-27T22:11:00.000-08:00

Prototypingis the process of quickly putting together a working model (a prototype) in order to test various aspects of a design, illustrate ideas or features and gather early user feedback. Prototyping is often treated as an integral part of the system design process, where it is believed to reduce project risk and cost. Often one or more prototypes are made in a process of iterative and incremental development where each prototype is influenced by the performance of previous designs, in this way problems or deficiencies in design can be corrected. When the prototype is sufficiently refined and meets the functionality, robustness, manufacturability and other design goals, the product is ready for production.

Polymerase chain reaction

2007-12-18T23:55:00.000-08:00

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique widely used in molecular biology. It derives its name from one of its key components, a DNA polymerase used to amplify (i.e., replicate) a piece of DNA by in vitro enzymatic replication. As PCR progresses, the DNA thus generated is itself used as template for replication. This sets in motion a chain reaction in which the DNA template is exponentially amplified. With PCR it is possible to amplify a single or few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating millions or more copies of the DNA piece. PCR can be performed without restrictions on the form of DNA, and it can be extensively modified to perform a wide array of genetic manipulations.

Almost all PCR applications employ a heat-stable DNA polymerase, such as Taq polymerase. This DNA polymerase enzymatically assembles a new DNA strand from DNA building blocks, the nucleotides, using single-stranded DNA as template and DNA oligonucleotides (also called DNA primers) required for initiation of DNA synthesis. The vast majority of PCR methods use thermal cycling, i.e., alternately heating and cooling the PCR sample to a defined series of temperature steps. These different temperature steps are necessary to bring about physical separation of the strands in a DNA double helix (DNA melting), and permit DNA synthesis by the DNA polymerase to selectively amplify the target DNA. The power and selectivity of PCR are primarily due to selecting primers that are highly complementary to the DNA region targeted for amplification, and to the thermal cycling conditions used.

IP Multimedia Subsystem

2007-12-11T22:39:00.000-08:00

The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is an architectural framework for delivering internet protocol (IP) multimedia to mobile users. It was originally designed by the wireless standards body 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and is part of the vision for evolving mobile networks beyond GSM. Its original formulation (3GPP R5) represented an approach to delivering "Internet services" over GPRS. This vision was later updated by 3GPP, 3GPP2 and TISPAN by requiring support of networks other than GPRS, such as Wireless LAN, CDMA2000 and fixed line.

To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS as far as possible uses IETF (i.e. Internet) protocols such as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). According to the 3GPP, IMS is not intended to standardise applications itself but to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications across wireless and wireline terminals, i.e. aid a form of fixed mobile convergence (FMC). This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer. Services need not have their own control functions, as the control layer is a common horizontal layer.

Fueling of nuclear reactors

2007-12-06T00:45:00.000-08:00

The amount of energy in the reservoir of nuclear fuel is frequently expressed in terms of "full-power days," which is the number of 24-hour periods (days) a reactor is scheduled for operation at full power output for the generation of heat energy. The number of full-power days in a reactor's operating cycle (between refueling outage times) is related to the amount of fissile uranium-235 (U-235) contained in the fuel assemblies at the beginning of the cycle. A higher percentage of U-235 in the core at the beginning of a cycle will permit the reactor to be run for a greater number of full-power days.

At the end of the operating cycle, the fuel in some of the assemblies is "spent," and is discharged and replaced with new (fresh) fuel assemblies. Although in practice, it is the buildup of reaction poisons in nuclear fuel that determines the lifetime of nuclear fuel in a reactor; long before all possible fissions have taken place, the buildup of long-lived neutron absorbing fission products damps out the chain reaction. The fraction of the reactor's fuel core replaced during refueling is typically one-fourth for a boiling-water reactor and one-third for a pressurized-water reactor.

What is a Thread in Java?

2007-11-27T22:41:00.000-08:00

A thread executes a series of instructions. Every line of code that is processed is done so by a thread. Few threads can run for the complete life of the applet, while others are alive for only a few milliseconds. A thread can also create a new thread or kills an existing one if when a new thread is created by the user. The Threads run in methods or constructors. The methods and constructors reside in the computer's memory themselves are lifeless in thread case. The threads go into the methods and continue to follow their instructions.

A short note on Usable groundwater

2007-11-20T23:01:00.001-08:00

A Usable groundwater is enclosed in the aquifers, which are subterranean areas (or the layers) of permeable material (like sand and gravel) that channel the groundwater's flow. The Aquifers can be either confined or unconfined. If a confined aquifer goes after a downward grade from a recharge zone, the groundwater can turn out to be pressurized as it flows. This can form artesian wells that flow freely not including the need of a pump. The top of the upper unconfined aquifer is known as the water table or phreatic surface, where water pressure is equivalent to the atmospheric pressure.

What do you mean by Intelligence, IQ, and g?

2007-11-13T22:12:00.000-08:00

The Intelligence, IQ, and g are different. The Intelligence is the word used in ordinary discourse to known as the cognitive ability. On the other hand, it is normally regarded as too inaccurate to be useful for a scientific treatment of the subject. The intelligence quotient (IQ) is an index considered from the scores on test items evaluated by experts to take in the abilities covered by the word intelligence. The IQ measures a multidimensional quantity: it is a combination of different kinds of abilities, the proportions of which probably will differ between IQ tests. The dimensionality of IQ scores can be considered by the factor analysis, which reveals a single main factor basic the scores on all IQ tests. This thing, which is a hypothetical construct, is called g. Variation in g corresponds directly to the intuitive notion of intelligence, and therefore g is at times called general cognitive ability or the general intelligence.

A short note on Columbia River

2007-11-06T22:02:00.000-08:00

The Columbia River is a river located in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. It is the biggest river in volume flowing into the Pacific Ocean from the North America, and the second biggest in the United States. It is the biggest hydroelectric power producing river in the North America. It starts from its headwaters to the Pacific Ocean it flows 1,270 miles (2,044 km) and it drains 258,000 square miles (415,211 s-kM).

Columbia River is the largest river in the planet that has no delta. The river continues flow west with one small north-northwesterly-directed and stretch near Portland; Vancouver, the Washington; and the confluence with the Willamette River. On this sharp turn the river's flow slows by a long way and it drops the sediment that would generally form a delta.

What do you mean by De-oxygenation tower?

2007-10-31T03:39:00.000-07:00

The oxygen must be removed for the reason that it encourages certain bacteria to grow. If a bacterium grows in the oil it will block the absorbent rock in the oil reservoir. The filtered water drops into the de-oxygenation tower spraying onto different trays causing gases to be released. The gas is sucked out of the tower with space pumps and the water fills the bottom of the tower. The de-oxygenated water is taken by boosting pumps to the high pressure water inoculation or the injection pumps.

Know about Highways

2007-10-24T01:04:00.001-07:00

A highway is a most important road within a city, or linking numerous cities together. It has roads known as interstate highway, motorway, freeway and autobahn, where a full description varies by country. In general, a highway is a road which has multiple lanes of traffic in all direction, often with a physical division (median) connecting opposing traffic, and separate access ramps to and from the highway which are more extensively separated than connections on a normal road and are often grade-separated. A highway may prohibit access by pedestrians and limit what vehicles may perhaps travel on it.

In olden times, a highway was any main road traveling a long distance outside of a city. Early roads between cities would at times suffer from highwaymen who would rob people traveling the route. In the 20th century, on the other hand, the word commonly came to be used simply for high-speed, often specially-designed automobile routes. On 10 September 1913, the first paved coast-to-coast highway opened in the US states.

Highways generally have a higher speed limit than other roads for the reason that they have additional lanes and are designed for driving at a higher speed. In distant areas, a highway may have rest areas where motorists may stop and calm down before resuming a long drive. By convention, the lane nearby to the median on a multi-lane highway is called the passing lane. The longest single national highway in the world is the Trans Canada Highway, which goes from Victoria, British Columbia, on the Pacific Coast, through ten states to the Atlantic Coast, at St. John's, the Newfoundland.

A general view on Personal computer

2007-10-17T00:24:00.000-07:00

A personal computer or PC is commonly a microcomputer designed to be used by one person at a time, and appropriate for general purpose tasks like word processing, programming, sending messages or digital documents (comprising of images, text, audio or video) to added computers on the network (email), multimedia editing or game play, generally used to run software not written by the user. Unlike minicomputers, a personal computer is often owned by the human being using it, representing a low cost of purchase and ease of operation. The user of a modern personal computer may have considerable knowledge of the operating environment and application programs, but is not unavoidably interested in programming or even able to write programs for the computer.

In current usage PC nearly for all time refers to an IBM compatible and the word may even be used for machines that are in no way personal computers but still use the fundamental architecture of the IBM pc.

During the 1990s, the power of personal computers improved radically, blurring the previously sharp distinction between personal computers and multi-user computers like mainframes. At present higher-end computers time and again distinguish themselves from personal computers by greater dependability or greater ability to multitask, rather than by straight CPU power.

Theism and Deism of God

2007-10-10T00:18:00.001-07:00

Theism holds that God exists practically, objectively, and separately of human thought; that God created and sustains the whole lot; that God is all-powerful and eternal, and is personal, interested and answers wish or prayer. It holds that God is both inspiring and immanent; thus, God is all together endless and in some way present in the affairs of the world. Catholic theology holds that God is noticeably simple and is not against your will subject to time. Most theists hold that God is supreme, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or determined limiting of all-powerfulness, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by compare, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not signify the deity can predict the future. "Theism" is sometimes used to refer generally to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.

Deism holds that God is completely transcendent: God exists, but does not intercede in the world beyond what was essential to create it. In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and does not factually answer prayers or cause miracles to happen. Common in Deism is a faith that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be conscious of humanity.

Accounting

2007-10-05T22:19:00.001-07:00

A firm which export and import products are calls merchandise. This is also a method for the merchandising business to earn their profit. Merchandising businesses are dissimilar from service businesses. Merchandising business have goods on hand and resell to customers, it is called inventory. However, inventory is recorded day to day under periodic or everlasting methods. Further, very businesses dealings involved the Goods and Service Tax. This essay is set out to explore the operation of merchandising business, the two methods which utilize to record inventory transactions and the application of Goods and Service Tax.
In merchandising businesses stock on hand, which is also called inventory, stock in trade or stock, is a very important asset. Thus, it is necessary to keep the inventory safe from damage, decline and theft. This requires the structure of storage areas and the employment of person’s expert in handling inventories.

Jewellery

2007-09-24T04:50:00.000-07:00

One universal issue is control over who could wear what jewellery, a point which indicate the powerful symbolism the wearing of jewellery evoked. In ancient Rome, for instance, only convinced ranks could wear rings; later, sumptuary laws dictated who could wear what type of jewellery; again based on rank. Cultural dictate have also played a important role; for example, the wearing of earrings by Western men was considered "effeminate" in the 19th and early 20th centuries. on the other hand, the jewellery industry in the early 20th century launched a crusade to popularize wedding rings for men — which caught on — as well as appointment rings for men , going so far as to make a false history and claim that the practice had Medieval roots. By the mid 1940s, 85% of weddings in the U.S. feature a double-ring ceremony, up from 15% in the 1920s.Religion has also played a role: Islam, for instance, consider the wearing of gold by men as a social taboo,and many religions have edicts against extreme display.

Socialism and social democracy

2007-09-10T03:51:00.000-07:00

The term socialism, used from the 1830s onwards in France and England, was directly related to what was called the social question, in essence the problem that the emergence of competitive market societies did not create liberty, equality and fraternity for all citizens, requiring the intervention of politics and social reform to tackle social problems, injustices and grievances a topic on which Jean-Jacques Rousseau discourses at length in his classic work The Social Contract. Originally the term socialist was often used interchangeably with co-operative, mutuality, associations and collectivist.

The term social democracy originally referred to the political project of extending democratic forms of association to the whole of society, substituting popular sovereignty, the universal franchise and social ownership for the rule of a propertied class which had exclusive voting rights.

Web proxy

2007-09-02T20:33:00.000-07:00

Proxies that hub on WWW traffic are called web proxies. Many web proxies try to block offensive web content. Other web proxies reformat web pages for an exact purpose or audience. Network operators can also set up proxies to intercept computer viruses and other hostile content served from remote web pages.

Wet mount

2007-08-26T21:58:00.000-07:00

A lot of objects that are going to be viewed on a microscope slide are prepared as a damp mount using water. Other materials are used when a everlasting slide is being prepared for viewing and storage. In a wet mount, the specimen is placed at the center of the slide with one drops of water and the cover glass placed over the specimen. In some preparations, the object being prepared for viewing is contained within water. Special slides are obtainable for viewing mounts that require more than one or two drops of water.

Persian orange

2007-08-19T22:14:00.001-07:00

The Persian orange, grown-up widely in southern Europe after its introduction to Italy in the 11th century, was bitter. Sweet oranges bring to Europe in the 15th century from India by Portuguese traders, rapidly displaced the bitter, and are now the most common variety of orange cultivated. The sweet orange will grow to different sizes and colors according to local conditions, most commonly with ten carpel’s, or segments, inside.

Odissi

2007-08-12T22:02:00.000-07:00

Odissi (or Orissi) is the traditional style of dance that originates in the state of Orissa in Eastern India, where it was performed by the maharis. It is one of the oldest existing forms of dance, with evidence dating back to 2200 BC to be found in the caves of Khandagiri and Udayagiri in Orissa. Today, there are three distinct styles of Odissi, including the Gotipua style of Guru Deba Prasad Das, the Mahari style of Guru Pankaj Charan Das, and the repertoire of Odissi as formulated under the aegis of Jayantika in 1957, which is the style of Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra.

Apple Computer

2007-08-02T23:28:00.000-07:00

Apple Computer, Inc. NASDAQ: AAPL is a Silicon Valley company based in Cupertino, California, whose nucleus business is computer technologies. Apple helped originate the personal computer revolution in the 1970s with the Apple II microcomputer and has since further shaped it with the Macintosh. Apple is known for its original, well-designed hardware, such as the iPod and iMac, as well as software offerings exemplified through iTunes as part of the iLife suite and Mac OS X, its flagship operating system.

Terminology

2007-07-25T00:14:00.000-07:00

Terminology while the name implies that highways cross state lines, many Interstates do not. Somewhat, it is the system of interstates that connects states. There are interstate highways in Hawaii, funded in the same way as in the other states, but completely within the populous island of Oahu. They have the designation of H-X, and attach military bases. Similarly, both Alaska and Puerto Rico have public roads that get funding from the Interstate program, though these routes are not signed as Interstate Highways.

Fashionable watches

2007-07-15T22:05:00.000-07:00

At the end of the 20th century, Swiss watch makers were seeing their sales go down as analog clocks were considered unfashionable. They joined forces with designers from many countries to reinvent the Swiss watch. The result was that they could considerably decrease the pieces and production time of an analog watch. In fact it was so cheap that if a watch broke it would be cheaper to fling it away and buy a new one than to repair it. One of these Swiss watch manufacturers in progress a new brand, Swatch, and called graphic designers to revamp a new annual collection.

2007-07-09T23:59:00.000-07:00

Time server

A time server is a server computer that reads the actual time from a orientation clock and distributes this information to its clients using a computer network. The time server may be a local network time server or an internet time server. The majority important and widely-used protocol for distributing and synchronizing time is the Network Time Protocol, though other less-popular or outdated time protocols continue in use. The time reference used by a time server could be another time server on the network or the Internet, a connected radio clock or an atomic clock. The most common true time source is a GPS or GPS master clock. Time servers are sometimes multi-purpose network servers, dedicated network servers, or dedicated devices. All a dedicated time server does is provide accurate time.

MS-DOS

2007-07-02T21:24:00.000-07:00

MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system commercialized by Microsoft. It was the commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems and was the dominant operating system for the PC compatible platform during the 1980s. It has gradually been replaced on consumer desktop computers by a variety of generations of the Windows operating system.

MS-DOS was initially released in 1981 and had eight major versions released before Microsoft stopped development in 2000. It was the key product in Microsoft's growth from a programming languages company to varied software development firm, providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources.

Applied Micro Circuits Corporation

2007-06-29T01:49:00.000-07:00

Applied Micro Circuits Corporation is a fables semiconductor company scheming network and embedded Power Architecture, optical transport and storage solutions. They bought assets, IP and engineers concerning the PowerPC 400 microprocessors from IBM in 2004 for $227 million and they now market the processors under their own name. The deal also included access to IBM's SoC design methodology and advanced CMOS process technology.

3ware is a producer of RAID controllers and storage products. Founded as an self-governing company in 1997, it was acquired by AMCC in April 2004.This division has usually been focused on SATA and PATA RAID devices. They were one of the pioneers in implementing "multi-lane" cabling for RAID systems which greatly reduced cable difficulty in systems with many hard drives.

Shrimp fishery

2007-06-24T23:29:00.000-07:00

A shrimp fishery is a fishery directed toward harvesting either shrimp or prawns. Fisheries do not usually differentiate between the two taxa, and the terms are used interchangeably. This article therefore refers to the catching of either shrimp or prawns.

A number of the larger species, including the Atlantic white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus), are caught commercially and used for food. Recipes utilizing shrimp form part of the cuisine of many cultures: examples include jambalaya, okonomiyaki, poon choi, bagoong, Kerala and scampi.
Preparing shrimp for consumption usually involves removing the shell, tail, and "sand vein". As with other seafood, shrimp is high in calcium, protein and low in food energy.
Shrimp and prawns are versatile ingredients, and are often used as an accompaniment to fried rice. Common methods of preparation comprise baking, boiling and frying. As stated in the movie Forrest Gump

Grafting

2007-06-19T19:03:00.001-07:00

Grafting is a method of plant propagation extensively used in horticulture, where the tissues of one plant are encouraged to fuse with those of another. It is most usually used for the propagation of trees and shrubs grown commercially. In most cases, one plant is chosen for its roots, and this is called the stock or rootstock. The other plant is chosen for its stems, leaves, flowers, or fruits and is called the scion.In stem grafting, a common grafting method, a shoot of a chosen, desired plant cultivar is grafted onto the stock of another type. In another common form called budding, a dormant side bud is grafted on the stem of another stock plant, and when it has fused successfully, it is encouraged to grow by cutting out the stem above the new bud.For successful grafting to take place, the vascular cambium tissues of the stock and scion plants must be located in contact with each other. Both tissues must be kept alive till the graft has taken, typically a period of a few weeks. Successful grafting only requires that a vascular connection takes place between the two tissues. A physical weak point often still occurs at the graft, because the structural tissue of the two distinct plants, such as wood may not fuse.

Water abstraction

2007-06-12T21:54:00.000-07:00

Water abstraction, or water extraction, is the process of taking water from any source, either temporarily or permanently. Most water is used for irrigation or treatment to produce drinking water.Depending on the environmental legislation in the relevant country, controls may be located on abstraction to limit the amount of water that can be removed. Over abstraction can lead to rivers drying up or the level of groundwater aquifers reducing unacceptably.The science of hydrogeology is used to assess safe abstraction levels.

Society

2007-06-07T22:12:00.000-07:00

A society is a grouping of individuals, which is characterized by common interests and may have distinctive culture and institutions. In a society, members can be from a different ethnic group. A "Society" may refer to a particular people, such as the Nuer, to a nation state, such as Switzerland, or to a broader cultural group, such as a Western society. Society can also refer to an organized group of people linked together for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes.

Soul Bags

2007-06-03T21:34:00.000-07:00

A Soul Bag is a bag used by Warlocks to hold more Soul Shards than they would normally be able to carry in conventional containers. The soul bag consumes a regular container slot, however, so it reduces the number of available slots for non-Soul Shard items. The value of the trade-off is up to the individual Warlock.

Soul Shards harvested by the Warlock are automatically stored in an equipped Soul Bag when acquired, making tedious Soul Shard housekeeping a thing of the past. Helpfully, soul bags also display the number of soul shards stored within them on the bag icon on the container toolbar.

Note that only Soul Shards can be stored in Soul Bags and if you wish to convert a Soul Shard into any other type of inventory item you will need extra space in your normal bags.

Boxing

2007-05-29T00:00:00.001-07:00

Professional boxing bout featuring Ricardo Domínguez versus Rafael Ortiz...Boxing, also referred to as prizefighting, the noble art and pugilism is a sport and martial art in which two participants of similar weight fight each other with their fists in a series of one to three-minute intervals called rounds. Victory is achieved if the opponent is knocked down and unable to get up before the referee counts to ten or if the opponent is deemed too injured to continue. If there is no stoppage of the fight before an agreed number of rounds, a winner is determined either by the referee's decision or by judges’ scorecards.

Hyper Transport

2007-05-21T22:20:00.001-07:00

Hyper Transport, in earlier times known as Lightning Data Transport, is a bidirectional serial/parallel high-bandwidth, low-latency point to point link that was introduced on April 2, 2001. The Hyper Transport Consortium is in charge of promoting and budding Hyper Transport technology. The technology is used by AMD and Transmeta in x86 processors, PMC-Sierra, Broadcom, and Raza Microelectronics in MIPS microprocessors, AMD, NVIDIA, VIA, Sis, and HP in PC chipsets, HP, Sun Microsystems, IBM, and I Will in servers, Cray, Newisys, and QLogic in high performance computing, Microsoft in its Xbox game console, and Cisco Systems in routers. Notably missing from this list is semiconductor giant Intel, which continues to use a shared bus architecture.

ARM

2007-05-14T23:52:00.000-07:00

The ARM architecture (Advanced RISC Machine or Acorn RISC Machine) is a 32-bit RISC processor architecture developed by ARM Limited that is widely used in a number of embedded designs. Due to their power saving features, ARM CPUs are dominant in the mobile electronics market, where low power consumption is a critical design goal.

Today, the ARM family accounts for over 75% of all 32-bit embedded CPUs, making it one of the most prolific 32-bit architectures in the world. ARM CPUs are found in all corners of consumer electronics, from portable devices to computer peripherals. Important branches in this family include Marvell's XScale and the Texas Instruments OMAP series.

Hard Disk

2007-05-09T23:16:00.001-07:00

A hard disk is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally programmed data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, "drive" refers to a device that drives (removable) media, such as a tape drive or (floppy) disk drive, although a hard disk contains fixed (non-removable) media. Recently the hard disk has become more commonly known as the "hard drive".

Hard disks were initially developed for use with computers. In the 21st century, applications for hard disks have extended beyond computers to consist of digital video recorders, digital audio players, personal digital assistants, digital cameras, and video game consoles. In 2005 the first mobile phones to contain hard disks were introduced by Samsung Group and Nokia. The need for large-scale, reliable storage, independent of a particular device, led to the beginning of configurations such as RAID, hardware such as network attached storage (NAS) devices, and systems such as storage area networks (SANs) for efficient access to large volumes of data.

History of Personal computer

2007-05-03T00:55:00.001-07:00

An near the beginning use of the term appeared in a November 3, 1962, New York Times
article exposure John W. Mauchly's vision of expectations computing spoken to a conference of the American Institute of Industrial Engineers that previous day. Mauchly told the gathering, "There is no reason to suppose the average boy or girl cannot be master of a personal computer."

The initial computers that can be called 'personal' were the first Non -main frame computers, the LINC and the PDP-8. By today's standards they were big, expensive, and had small magnetic core memories.

However, they were small and cheap for individual laboratories and research projects to use, freeing them from the consignment dispensation and establishment of the typical industrial or university computing center. In addition, they were reasonably interactive and soon had their own operating systems. Finally, this category became known as the mini-computer, usually with time-sharing and program development facilities. Ultimately, the mini-computer grew up to encompass the VAX and larger mini-computers from Data General, Prime, and others.
Deployment of mini-computer systems was a replica for how personal computers would be used, but few of the mini-computer makers managed to profit from it.

Biotechnology

2007-04-29T21:17:00.000-07:00

Biological technology is technology based on biology, particularly when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. Biotechnology means any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to construct or change products or processes for specific use.

Biotechnology combines disciplines like genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology and cell biology, which are in turn allied to practical disciplines like chemical engineering, information technology, and robotics.Biotechnology can also be defined as the exploitation of organisms to do practical things and to provide useful products.

One characteristic of biotechnology is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic products (examples include beer and milk products). For another example, naturally present bacteria are utilized by the mining industry in bioleaching. Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, clean up sites infected by industrial activities (bioremediation), and produce biological weapons.

Solid us

2007-04-23T22:29:00.001-07:00

100 A solid us was originally a gold coin issued by the Romans.
Julian solid us, ca. 361.It were introduced by Constantine I in the AD 309–10, and was used through the Byzantine Empire until the 10th century AD. The coin replaced the aurous as the main gold coin of the Roman Empire.

The name solid us had previously been used by Diocletian for the gold coin that he introduced, which is different from the solid us introduced by Constantine. The coin was struck at a theoretical value of 1/72 of a Roman pound. Solid were wider and thinner than the aurous, with the exception of some dumpy issues from the Byzantine Empire. The weight and fineness of the solid we remained relatively constant throughout its long production, with few exceptions. Fractions of the solid us known as surmises and tiramisus were also produced.

Aviates dermises, ca. 456.The word soldier is ultimately derived from solid us, referring to the solid with which soldiers were paid.

"Wireless" factories and vacuum tubes

2007-04-19T00:25:00.000-07:00

Marconi opened the world's first "wireless" factory in Hall Street, Chelmsford, England in 1898, employing around 50 people. Around 1900, Tesla opened the Wardenclyffe Tower facility and advertised services. By 1903, the tower structure neared completion. Various theories exist on how Tesla planned to achieve the goals of this wireless system. Tesla claimed that Wardenclyffe, as part of a World System of transmitters, would have permitted secure multichannel transceiving of information, universal navigation, time synchronization, and a global location system.The next great invention was the vacuum tube detector, invented by a team of Westinghouse engineers. On Christmas Eve, 1906, Reginald Fessenden ransmitted the first radio audio broadcast in history from Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing O Holy Night on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible. The world's first radio news program was broadcast August 31, 1920 by station 8MK in Detroit, Michigan. The world's first regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment commenced in 1922 from the Marconi Research Centre at Writtle near Chelmsford, England.

History of the chair

2007-04-10T00:12:00.000-07:00

The chair is of great antiquity, although for many centuries and indeed for thousands of years it was an article of state and self-respect rather than an article of normal use. “The chair” is still widely used as the emblem of authority in the House of Commons and in public meetings. It was not, in fact, until the 16th century that it became common anywhere. The chest, the bench and the stool were until then the ordinary seats of everyday life, and the number of chairs which have survived from an earlier date is exceedingly limited; most of such examples are of clerical or seigniorial origin. Our knowledge of the chairs of remote antiquity is derived almost entirely from monuments, sculpture and paintings. A few actual examples exist in the British Museum, in the Egyptian museum at Cairo, and elsewhere.

Egyptian chairs

In ancient Egypt chairs appear to have been of great richness and splendor. Fashioned of ebony and- ivory, or of stamped and gilded wood, they were covered with costly materials and supported upon representations of the legs of beasts or the figures of captives. An arm-chair in fine protection found in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings is astonishingly similar, even in small details, to that "Empire" style which followed Napoleon’s campaign in Egypt. The initial monuments of Nineveh represent a chair without a back but with tastefully carved legs ending in lions’ claws or bulls’ hoofs. Others are supported by figures in the nature of caryatides or by animals.

Greek and Roman chairs
The initial known form of Greek chair, going back to five or six centuries before Christ, had a back but stood straight up, front and back. On the fresco of the Parthenon Zeus occupies a square seat with a bar-back and thick turned legs; it is bejeweled with winged sphinxes and the feet of beasts. The characteristic Roman chairs were of marble, also adorned with sphinxes. The curule chair was initially very similar in form to the modern folding chair, but finally received a good deal of ornament. The most renowned of the very few chairs which have come down from a remote antiquity is the reputed chair of St. Peter in St Peter's Basilica at Rome. The wooden portions are much moldy, but it would appear to be Byzantine work of the 6th century, and to be really an ancient sedia gestatoria.

Goshawk

2007-04-06T22:17:00.001-07:00

The Goshawk is an average large bird of quarry in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards and harriers.

It is an extensive species all through the moderate parts of the northern hemisphere. In North America it is named as the Northern Goshawk. It is typically inhabitant, but birds from colder regions of north Asia and Canada journey south for the winter.

Goshawk in flight this species nests in trees, building a new nest each year. It hunts birds and mammals in woodland, relying on revelation as it flies from a perch or hedge-hops to catch its quarry ignorant. Animals as large as hares and Pheasant are taken. Its call is a ferocious screech. Many older goshawks reject to attack hares, if it was earlier seriously kicked by a hare which it tried to catch.

This bird is a raptor with short large wings and a long tail, both adaptations to maneuvering through trees. The male is blue-grey above and banned grey below, 49-56 cm long with a 93-105 cm wingspan. The much larger female is 58-64 cm long with a 108-127 cm wingspan, slate grey above grey below. The youthful is brown above and barred brown below. The flight is a characteristic "slow flap – slow flap – straight glide".

In Eurasia, the male is confusable with a female Sparrow hawk, but is superior, much bulkier and has moderately longer wings. In spring, he has an impressive roller-coaster display, and this is the best time to see this enigmatic forest bird.

Airliner

2007-04-02T00:30:00.000-07:00

Definition and description

An airliner is a great fixed-wing aircraft whose key function is for the carry of paying passenger. Airliners are typically operated by an airline company which owns or leases the aircraft.

An Airbus A340 airliner operated by Air Jamaica. The description of an airliner can differ from country to country, but typically, 20 or more traveler seats or an unfilled weight above 50,000 lb qualifies an aircraft as an airliner.

Passenger aircraft with fewer than 20 passenger places are called commuter aircraft or air taxis, depending on their size, engines and seating configurations.

While piston engines were common on prop liners like the Douglas DC-3 until the opening of the jet age, nearly all modern airliners are powered by turbine engines, either turbofans or turboprops, since they work resourcefully at much higher altitudes, are far more dependable than piston engines, and provide a ride with less shaking and noise for the passengers.

There may be variants of an airliner that are residential for moving freight or for luxury corporate use. Many airliners have also been adapted for government use as "VIP" transports and for various unarmed functions such as airborne, air ambulance, reconnaissance as well as the more obvious troop-carrying roles.

Video Camera

2007-03-28T22:30:00.000-07:00

A professional video camera (often called a "television camera" even though the use has extend) is a high-end tool for video recording electronic moving images (as opposed to a film camera, that records the images on film). Formerly developed for use in television studios, they are now normally used for corporate and educational videos, music videos, direct-to-video movies, etc. Not as much of advanced video cameras used by customers are often referred to as camcorders.

There are two kind of professional video cameras: High end portable, video recording cameras (which are, confusingly, called camcorders too) used for ENG image gaining, and studio cameras which lack the recording capability of a camcorder, and are often fixed on studio pedestals.

Professional video cameras confine and transfer two dimensional images serially, at specified capture rates, usually in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Most studio cameras situate on the floor, usually with pneumatic or hydraulic mechanisms to regulate the height, and are usually on wheels. Any video camera when used along with other video cameras in a studio setup is controlled by a device known as camera control unit, to which they are joined via a Triax or Multicore cable.

Telephone

2007-03-23T23:40:00.001-07:00

The telephone or phone (Greek: tele = far away and phone = voice) is a telecommunications device to transmits and receives sound (most commonly voice and speech) through great distances. Most telephones function by means of electric signals over a complex public switched telephone network of equipment which allows almost any phone user to speak to almost any other.
Until relatively recently the word telephone could generally be assumed to refer to a landline phone. Now, cordless telephones and cell phones have become sufficiently common that no such presumption can be made. There are four principal means by which telephone signals are transmitted: throughout a traditional landline which uses physical dedicated wire connections; wireless or Radiotelephony, which transmits messages using either analog or digital radio signals; satellite telephones which bounce signals off of telecommunications satelites; and voice over internet protocol (VOIP) telephones, which use broadband internet cables.
The electric telephone is recognized to various inventors. The actual history is a subject of complex dispute. Among others Antonio Meucci, Philip Reis, and Alexander Graham Bell are all credited with inventing.

Telephone

2007-03-23T23:38:00.001-07:00

Film

2007-03-19T21:53:00.001-07:00

Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. The source of the name comes from the fact that photographic film (also called filmstock) has historically been the main medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist — motion pictures, the silver screen, photoplays, picture shows, flicks — and most commonly movies. Academics and the English-speaking international society prefer to use film or "cinema", due to the colloquial nature of these other terms.
Films are created by recording actual people and objects with cameras, or by creating them using animation techniques and/or special effects. They include a series of individual frames, but when these images are shown quickly in succession, the illusion of motion is given to the viewer. Flickering between frames is not seen due to an effect known as persistence of vision — whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Perhaps of more relevance is what causes the perception of motion — a psychological effect known as beta movement.

Beauty

2007-03-13T21:45:00.000-07:00

Beauty in nature is a general theme in modern life and in art, and books emphasizing beauty in nature fill large sections of libraries and bookstores. That nature has been depicted and famous by so much art, photography, poetry and other literature shows the strength with which many people associate nature and beauty. Why this association exists, and what the association consists of, is studied by the branch of philosophy called aesthetics. Beyond certain basic characteristics that many philosophers agree about to explain what is seen as beautiful, the opinions are almost endless.Many scientists, who study nature in more specific and organized ways, also share the conviction that nature is beautiful; the French mathematician, Jules Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) said:
The scientist does not study nature because it is useful; he studies it because he delights in it, and he delights in it because it is beautiful.
If nature were not beautiful, it would not be worth knowing, and if nature were not worth meaningful, life would not be worth living. Of course I do not here speak of that beauty which strikes the senses, the beauty of character and of appearance; not that I undervalue such beauty, far from it, but it has not anything to do with science; I mean that profounder beauty which comes from the harmonious order of the parts and which a pure intelligence can grasp.
A general classical idea of beautiful art involves the word mimesis, the imitation of nature. Also in the realm of ideas about beauty in nature is that the perfect is indirect through symmetry, equal division, and other perfect mathematical forms and notions.

Mirror

2007-03-08T21:24:00.001-08:00

A mirror is an object whose surface has good specular reflection; that is, it is smooth sufficient to form an image. The most common type of mirror is the plane mirror, which has a flat surface. Curved mirrors are also used, to produce magnified or demagnified images or focus light.
The most common use of mirrors is for personal hygiene. However, mirrors are also used in scientific apparatus such as telescopes and lasers, as well as industrial machinery. Most mirrors are designed for visible light, however, mirrors intended for other wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are also used, particularly in optical instruments.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa

2007-03-04T20:52:00.001-08:00

The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply The Tower of Pisa (La Torre di Pisa) is the campanile, or self-supporting bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa. It is situated behind the Cathedral and it is the third structure in Pisa's Campo dei Miracoli (field of Miracles).
Although planned to stand vertically, the tower began leaning to the southeast soon after the onset of construction in 1173 due to a poorly laid foundation and loose substrate that has permitted the foundation to shift.
The height of the tower is 55.86 m (183.27 ft) from the ground on the lowest side and 56.70 m (186.02 ft) on the highest side. The width of the walls at the base is 4.09 m (13.42 ft) and at the top 2.48 m (8.14 ft). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes. The tower has 294 steps.
The Tower of Pisa was a work of art, performed in three stages over a period of about 174 years. Construction of the first floor of the white marble campanile began on August 9, 1173, a period of military success and prosperity. This first floor is enclosed by pillars with classical capitals, leaning against blind arches. Today, it is still unscarred from centuries of weather and age.

Gemstone

2007-02-27T22:37:00.001-08:00

A gemstone is prized particularly for great beauty or perfection so appearance is almost always the most significant attribute of gemstones. Characteristics that make a stone beautiful or attractive are colour, unusual optical phenomena within the stone, an exciting inclusion such as a fossil, rarity, and sometimes the form of the natural crystal. Diamond is prized very much as a gemstone since it is the hardest naturally occurring substance known and is able to reflect light with fire and sparkle when faceted. However, diamonds are far from rare with millions of carats mined each year.
Traditionally, general gemstones were classified into precious stones (cardinal gems) and semi-precious stones. The former class was largely determined by a history of ecclesiastical, devotional or ceremonial use and rarity. Only five types of gemstones were considered precious: diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald, and amethyst. In current usage by gemologists, all gems are considered precious, although four of the five original "cardinal gems" (excluding the now-common amethyst) are typically—but not always—the most valuable.
Rare or unusual gemstones, usually meant to include those gemstones which occur so infrequently in gem quality that they are only just known except to connoisseurs, include andalusite, axinite, cassiterite, clinohumite and iolite.

Sandwich

2007-02-22T21:06:00.001-08:00

Sandwich is a food item it consisting of two pieces of bread between which are laid one or more layers of meat, vegetable, cheese or other fillings, together with optional or usually provided condiments, sauces, and other accompaniments. The bread is used as is, lightly buttered, or enclosed in a flavoured oil to enhance flavour and texture.
Sandwiches are usually carried to work or school in lunchboxes or brown paper bags to be eaten as the midday meal, taken on picnics, hiking trips, or other outings. They are also served in many restaurants as entrées, and are sometimes eaten at home, either as a quick meal or as part of a larger meal. As part of a full meal sandwiches are generally accompanied with such side dishes as a serving of soup, a salad, or potato chips or french fries and a pickle or coleslaw.

Soul

2007-02-18T20:51:00.000-08:00

In Hinduism, the Sanskrit words most strongly corresponding to soul are "Jiva", meaning the individual soul or qualities, and "Atman", which can also mean spirit or even God. The Atman is seen as the section of Brahman within us. Hinduism contains many variant beliefs on the source, purpose, and fate of the soul. For example, advaita or non-dualistic conception of the soul accords it union with Brahman, the complete uncreated (roughly, the Godhead), in eventuality or in pre-existing fact. Dvaita or dualistic concepts reject this, instead identifying the soul as a different and incompatible substance.
The Bhagavad Gita, one of the most major puranic scriptures, refers to the religious body or soul as Purusha (see also Sankhya philosophy). The Purusha is division and parcel of God, is unchanging (is never born and never dies), is indestructible, and, though basically indivisible, can be described as having three characteristics:
(i) Sat (reality or existence)
(ii) Chit (realization or knowledge)
(iii) Ananda (delight)

Creation of Money

2007-02-11T21:59:00.000-08:00

Although types of money are easily known and distinguished, the actual nature of money and the manner in which it is created is less easily understood. The fact that commodities such as gold, silver, furs or tobacco leaves have value does not make any of them money. It becomes money only when it is generally accepted as a symbol representing a certain value of goods and services and readily accepted in exchange for other goods and services of commensurate perceived value. Trust in its accuracy and universal acceptance and confidence in the availability of goods and services for redemption are essential criteria. The creation of money is also a subject of considerable confusion and superstition. The creation of commodity money was made possible by the discovery or production of more of the particular commodity, such as gold or barley. As commerce expanded, trade became the primary means for making of new money. Traders supplied goods to their buyers on credit through bills of exchange which the buyer endorsed and promised to pay within a given period of time. Bills endorsed by credit-worthy buyers or their guarantors then become a form of currency that could be used by the note holder to make additional purchases. At a later date banks became the principle source of new money. Banks take in deposits and issue loans to borrowers either by paying out some of the currency receipted on deposit or simply by creating a new deposit in the borrowers account without receiving currency to back it up. By this means banks create many times more money than the amount they receive or hold on deposit. Central banks in turn further multiply the amount of currency and require deposits by printing additional currency and using it to purchase government bonds or by lending it to commercial banks by creating fresh deposits at the central bank for the bank just as the bank does for its own borrowers.

MBA-overview!

2007-02-05T20:58:00.000-08:00

Every student entering business school to get their MBA degree will require various skills and have basic expertise in particular areas. The level of the mathematical skills will vary depending upon the choice of your program. Many MBA programs need algebra, statistics, and most likely calculus. You may want to revive your skills if they are in query before entering an MBA program, because joining an MBA program without basic skills will be a bit tougher to get through. Most business schools needs the use of private computers throughout your MBA program, in some cases many school will require that you possess your own laptop. Though the degree to which you use a computer will differ, you should be contented with the complete knowledge of word processing, spreadsheets and databases. Every school will provide you their minimum basic necessities for computer skills.
Business schools today try to impersonate the business setting in their academic programs by using student teams. As businesses more and more twisted to teams to work on projects and to solve troubles, MBA programs have converted a huge portion of course work from individual work to teamwork. Many masters of business administration programs now contain teambuilding training as team building workshops, or as a theme in managerial performance courses. Teams are formed mainly for the reason of one project in one course or by remaining together, working on multiple courses for months. In this competitive situation of Business administration programs, the collaboration of students in team building movements is often complicated. Students that take part in team activities find that working with someone else takes up a lot of educational time.
The business fundamentals are taught in every MBA program. Economics, finance, accounting, organizational behavior, marketing, and statistics are in the basic range for master of business administration programs. In business school these subjects are considered a foundation group of courses required for each and every candidate.
These core courses make up the first year of study in a two-year full-time program. In some programs, students who have a prior background in business can by pass some or all of the core courses on the basis of either a special examination or an evaluation of the undergraduate transcript. In some programs, students who have a previous backdrop in business can go around some or all of the foundation courses on the basis of either a special examination or an assessment of the undergraduate record.

Journalism Basics

2007-01-26T22:40:00.000-08:00

Journalism is a concrete, professionally oriented major that involves gathering, interpreting, distilling, and other reporting information to the general audiences through a variety of media means. Journalism majors learn about every possible kind of Journalism (including magazine, newspaper, online journalism, photojournalism, broadcast journalism, and public relations).
That's not all, though. In addition to dedicated training in writing, editing, and reporting, Journalism wants a working knowledge of history, culture, and current events. You'll more than likely be required to take up a broad range of courses that runs the range from statistics to the hard sciences to economics to history. There would also be a lot of haughty talk about professional ethics and civic responsibility too - and you'll be tested on it. To top it all off, you'll perhaps work on the university newspaper or radio station, or possibly complete an internship with a magazine or a mass media conglomerate.

A Little Cloud

2006-12-27T02:03:00.000-08:00

He wrote the story A Little Cloud the story was print in 1905. A Little Cloud takes position in Dublin. This is recognized to be a dirty town. Little Chandler is a thirty-two year old marital man with one son who is not fairly one year old in the story. He is called little Chandler because of his look. He is somewhat under height, which is he, under one hundred and eighty-five centimeters. He has little white hands, babyish teeth and excellent nail care. Little Chandler has a delicate frame, silken hair and body hair; he has a quiet voice and superior manners. Little Chandler is a sober man, meaning he is sparing in consumption and drinking. Little Chandler blushes very simply at more or less anything. He appears to have a good-looking life; he moving parts at the Kings Inn at a desk. He likes to read poetry and sometime would like to write it. Little Chandler has never been in a great deal of problem before in his life. He frequently thinks about his friend Ignatius Gallagher while at job, and how he has become a shining man in the Press. Little Chandler regularly thinks of his life, which makes him sad.

Socialism and social democracy

2006-12-18T01:32:00.000-08:00

Photography

2006-12-07T03:32:00.000-08:00

Photography is the process of making pictures by means of the action of light. Light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed exposure. The process is done through mechanical, chemical or digital devices known as cameras.
Lens and mounting of a large-format cameraWikibooks has more about this subject:
PhotographyThe word comes from the Greek words φως phos ("light"), and γραφις graphis ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη graphê, together meaning "drawing with light" or "representation by means of lines" or "drawing." Traditionally the product of photography has been called a photograph. The term photo is an abbreviation; many people also call them pictures. In digital photography, the term image has begun to replace photograph.

Peripheral layout

2006-11-28T22:00:00.000-08:00

The very old city inside the walls covers about four percent of the current municipality's 582 square miles. The old city is the negligible of Rome's twelve administrative zones. The walled city center is made up of 22 ironies, nearby it is 35 quarter urbane, and within the city restrictions are six large suburbia. The commune of Rome positioned outside the municipal boundaries about doubles the area of the real city.

The belt highway known as Grande Record Annular describes an enormous circle around the wealth, about six miles out from the city centre; unlike most Italian highways, the G.R.A. is toll-free. The sphere ties together the antique roads to lead to Rome: the Via Famines, the Via Aurelia and Via Apia. Large amounts of modern dwelling buildings are located in the districts outside the centre, where current architecture has not gone unnoticed. Many road frontages and show windows often change to keep up with the times and the Romans have succeeded in harmonizing the old and the fresh.

Hygiene

2006-11-24T22:45:00.000-08:00

Hygiene is the maintenance of healthy practices. In modern terms, this is usually regarded as a particular orientation to cleanliness. The word Hygiene originates as a reference to Hygieia, who was a daughter of Asclepius and the deity of health, cleanliness and sanitation. The related term personal grooming means to improve one's physical appearance or appeal for others, by removing obvious imperfections in one's appearance or civilizing one's hygiene.

Outward signs of good hygiene take in the absence of visible dirt or of bad smells. Since the expansion of the germ theory of disease, hygiene has come to mean any perform leading to the absence of harmful levels of microorganisms.

Good hygiene is a support to health, beauty, comfort, and social interactions. It directly aids in disease prevention and disease segregation.

Washing is the most common instance of hygienic behavior. Washing is often done with soap or detergent which helps to eliminate oils and to break up dust particles so they may be washed away.

Clothing maintenance

2006-11-21T21:23:00.000-08:00

Clothing, once manufactured, suffers physical bother both from within and from without. The human body inside sheds skin cells and body oils, and exudes sweat, urine, and feces. From the outside, sun damage, damp, abrasion, dirt, and other indignities afflict the garment. Bedbugs and lice take up residence in clothing seams. Well-worn clothing, if not cleaned and refurbished, will smell, itch, look shabby, and lose functionality.
In past times, restoration was an art. A careful tailor or seamstress could fix rips with thread raveled from hems and seam limits so skillfully that the darn was practically invisible. When the raw fabric cloth was worth more than labor, it made sense to use labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass manufactured clothing is less expensive than the time it would take to repair it. Many people wish to buy a new piece of clothing rather than to waste their time mending old clothes. But the thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and stitch up ripped hems.

Lava composition

2006-11-16T02:00:00.000-08:00

Another way of classifying volcanoes is by the composition of material erupted, since this affects the shape of the volcano. Lava can be generally classified into 4 special compositions:

If the erupted molten rock contains a high percentage of silica, the lava is called felsic.
Felsic lavas tend to be extremely viscous and are erupted as domes or short, broad flows. Viscous lavas tend to form stratovolcanoes or lava domes. Lassen Peak in California is an example of a volcano created from felsic lava and is actually a large lava ground.
Because siliceous magmas are so sticky, they tend to catch volatiles that are present, which cause the magma to erupt catastrophically, eventually forming stratovolcanoes. Pyroclastic flows are extremely hazardous products of such volcanoes, since they are composed of molten volcanic ash too heavy to go up into the environment, so they hug the volcano's slopes and travel far from their vents during large eruptions. Temperatures as high as 1,200 °C are known to happen in pyroclastic flows, which will incinerate everything combustible in their path and thick layers of hot pyroclastic flow deposits can be laid down, often up to many meters thick.

Programs

2006-11-12T21:03:00.000-08:00

In practical conditions, a computer program might include anywhere from a dozen instructions to many millions of instructions for something like a word processor or a net browser. A typical current computer can execute billions of instructions every second and almost never make a mistake over years of operation.
Large computer programs may take teams of computer programmer’s years to write and the prospect of the entire program having been written completely in the manner planned is unlikely. Errors in computer programs are called bugs. Sometimes bugs are caring and do not affect the usefulness of the program, in other cases they might cause the program to completely be unsuccessful in yet other cases there may be subtle problems. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers just execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or a mistake made in the program's design. In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number. The command to add two numbers jointly would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode and so on.

Design team

2006-11-09T01:19:00.000-08:00

The modern development in design is toward addition of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be completely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, a firm that is technically an "architecture" or "construction management" firm may have experts from all related fields as employees, or to have a linked company that provides each necessary skill. Thus, each such firm may offer itself as "one-stop shopping" for a construction project, from opening to end. This is designated as a "design Build" contract where the contractor is given a performance specification, and must carry out the project from design to construction, while adhering to the performance specifications.

Republican Party nomination

2006-11-05T21:21:00.000-08:00

Republican National Convention met in mid-May, the Democrats had been forced to adjourn their convention in Charleston after 57 ballots. William H. Seward of New York was considered the frontrunner, followed by Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, and Pennsylvania's Simon Cameron.
As the convention developed, however, it was revealed that Seward, Chase, and Cameron had each alienated factions of the Republican Party. Delegates were concerned that Seward was too identified with the radical wing of the Republican Party, and Seward's moves toward the center had alienated the radicals. Chase, a former Democrat, Cameron had little support outside Pennsylvania and was distrusted by many former Whigs because he had switched from the Whig Party to the Democratic Party before becoming a Republican.
It was essential to carry the West, and because Lincoln had a national reputation from his debates and speeches as the most articulate moderate, he won the party's nomination. The party platform clearly stated that slavery would not be allowed to spread any farther, and also promised that tariffs protecting industry would be imposed.

Energy supply

2006-11-03T03:40:00.000-08:00

Energy supply is the total amount of usable energy accessible to people for doing work. We use forms of energy to activate machinery; to heat and cool our homes and offices to cook to provide light and to carry people and goods. Heat energy is the most frequently used outline of energy.
Energy may be obtained openly from an energy source, as when people flame wood to fabricate heat. Energy may also be obtained indirectly.

For example, at a power plant, oil is burned to create steam and that steam produced is used to power a generator which is used for electricity.

Energy that is shaped by businesses and the government and then sold to the public is called marketable energy. About 85 percent of all marketable energy comes from petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Petroleum, coal, and natural gas are called fossil fuels because they developed from the fossilized ruins of prehistoric plants.

Animal Rights Terrorism

2006-10-18T03:14:00.000-07:00

Animals through out the world are terrorized day per day, whether it’s for the use of cheap food, safe medicines or the making of a new product. The opinion of many people is that the use of animals for medicine and product making can be decreased. Because of not able to help the helpless animals in the factories, farms, or laboratories when being put to wrong use is physical cruelty. The Cruelty which has been shown to animals is degrading and considered to be wrong.
Animal Rights are much more important, if not equally important to human rights. Animals has been included among multi-cellular organisms that have a defined shape, limited growth, can move voluntarily, actively acquire food and digest it internally. They are also having senses and nervous systems that allow them to respond to stimuli, as humans require with great similarity.

Deserve to live

2006-10-12T23:40:00.000-07:00

What the fear we have is not suffering or even death….. And what we fear is that we have wasted life ….
That our highest calling will may go unanswered” one day in a dream I met the most beautiful soul She whispered “do you know what your purpose of being a human being“. So try to fill the world with your awareness I remember thinking not too terribly long ago that I knew everything and I had it all figured out. I have traveled to many different places through out the world. Two years ago I began to realize the world is not all about me and my life, and what mood I happen to be in at the time. I need a family of my own to carry on that legacy. The lovable memories I have are helping others in their time of need whether it be money or time.
When I first thought about why I might have born and exist or what is my purpose is in life.
My personal contemplation defines the unique meaning of my life, path, passage, journey, quest or adventure. I also donated time to the soup kitchen feeding dinner to the homeless. To live, on this earth; We are just how truly lucky I am that all of the circumstances aligned that I grew up in such a prosperous country, in a wonderful family, with the opportunity to fulfill my dreams. The small box in which I was living in became opened. My parents confirmed me with knowledge to excel in my adult life. And also I was blessed as a child and my parents provided me with the best life that they could give me. I lived in downtown and see people cold and hungry. I am a child augmenting all of the great things my parents have done. During the holiday season seems to be the time where everyone looks around to the needy, although these people need help year round. But, now he might have lost that and it is time for me to take care of him and give back what he has given to me. The country in which we live in today is filled with materialism and over abundance of wealth that other countries could only dream of.

The Bangabhaban

2006-08-28T06:43:00.000-07:00

The Bangabhaban:

It is largely based on Victorian architecture that typifies many buildings of the British-era in Dhaka. This has a reconstruction between the year 1961 and 1964 during this time many elements of Islamic architecture and Bengali styles were incorporated. This place has a boundary wall on all the four sides. The main building is a three-storied impressive complex, around which stands extensive greenery and tree cover. The ground floors floor space is measured to 6,700 square meters. The north east corner is dwelled by the president, comprising of two storeys of two suites along with five well-furnished spacious bedrooms. The Bangabhaban has an open compound of 47 acres of land. The security office, post office, bank, canteen, tailoring shop, a three-domed mosque and barracks of the president's guard regiment are located in the vicinity of the main gate of the Bangabhaban. The residential quarters for officers and staff of the President's office are located in three outlying areas of Bangabhaban. There are also two bungalows one for the military secretary and the other for the assistant military secretary.

salad

2006-08-10T06:13:00.000-07:00

A mixture of various items like bread, lettuce, spring onions, cucumber, feta cheese, sun-dried tomatoes, beetroot, cherry tomatoes, olives, and dressing is generally said to be as salad platter. In fact it is termed to be as a food prepared with a mixture of chopped or sliced ingredients, and so it is termed to be as salad. The salad could be eaten in two ways; it could be either eaten in cold or at room temperature, though it also can form the filling for a hot sandwich. These are made of meat or eggs; it usually includes at least one raw vegetable or fruit.

Essentials of Healthy life – Cleanliness a brief review

2006-07-28T05:22:00.000-07:00

Health is wealth so preserve it. Life is short so use it in the right way. Cleanliness merely fits with the apt meaning of being free from dirt, dust, germs and bad smells. A recent shift has now taken place to recognise that ‘germs’ may play a major role in our immune systems. So experts say washing hands frequently, specially when in an environment of many people with infections and diseases. Washing is one of the best way to achieve cleanliness.Have a brief overlook on the following issue to be aware of how to keep one self clean.

A step way process regarding cleanliness of hands is given below:
· Use warm water
· But avoid scorching your hands.
· Use anti-bacterial soap or hand wash.
· Wash between fingers and use paper towels to wipe off.
Washing of hands has to be followed
· Before eating
· After eating
· After using the toilet
· After playing outdoor games
· After attending to a sick person
· After blowing nose, coughing, or sneezing; and after handling pets.
The proverb "Cleanliness is next to Godliness," a common phrase that describes humanity's high opinion of being clean. Purposes of cleanliness include health, beauty and to avoid the spreading of germs .If your hands have any kind of skin cut or infection, wash hands with an anti bacterial soap. Thoroughly wash with hot, soapy water all surfaces that come in contact with raw meat, poultry, fish, and eggs before moving on to the next step in food preparation. Consider using paper towels to clean kitchen surfaces.
Keep pets, household cleaners, and other chemicals away from food and surfaces used for food. Along with removing any old food or dirty water, it’s a very good practice to clean the bowls or containers that the food and water are in, ever Hygienic practices—such as frequent hand washing or the use of boiled (and thus sterilized) water have a profound impact on reducing the spread of disease. This is because they kill or remove disease-causing microbes (germs) in the immediate surroundings. For instance, washing one's hands after using the toilet and before handling food reduces the chance of spreading E. coli bacteria and Hepatitis A, both of which are spread from fecal contamination of food.
Personal cleanliness:
· Daily washing of the body and hair.
· More frequent washing of hands and face.
· Oral hygiene—Daily brushing teeth.
· Cleaning of the clothes and living area.
· Use of bandaging and dressing of wounds.
· Not touching animals before eating.
· avoidance of unhygienic people.
· Holding a tissue in your hand when coughing or sneezeing.
· Suppression of habits such as spitting or nose-picking.
· Washing hands before eating.
· Not licking fingers before picking up sheets of paper.
· Cut finger nails and toe nails.

Mechanics of the storm surge

2006-06-29T23:42:00.000-07:00

At least five processes can be involved in altering tide levels during storms. These include the pressure effect, the direct wind effect, the effect of the earth's rotation, the effect of waves, and the rainfall effect (Harris, 1963). The pressure effects of a tropical cyclone will cause the water level in the open ocean to rise in regions of low pressure and fall in regions of high pressure. Wind stresses cause a phenomenon referred to as "wind set-up", which is the tendency for water levels to increase at the downwind shore, and to decrease at the upwind shore. This effect is inversely proportional to depth (Harris, 1963). Wind set-up on an open coast will be driven into bays in the same way as the astronomical tide.

Surge and wave heights on shore are affected by the configuration and bathymetry of the ocean bottom. A narrow shelf, or one that drops steeply from the shoreline and subsequently produces deep water in close proximity to the shoreline tends to produce a lower surge, but a higher and more powerful wave. This situation is seen along the southeast coast of Florida. The edge of the Floridian Plateau, where the water depths reach 91 meters (300 feet), lies just 3 km offshore of Palm Beach, Florida; just 7 km offshore, the depth plunges to over 180 meters (Lane, 1980). The 180 meter (600-foot) depth contour followed southward from Palm Beach County lies more than 30 km to the east of the upper Keys.

Conversely, coastlines such as those along the Gulf of Mexico coast from Texas to Florida, have long, gently sloping shelves and shallow water depths. On the Gulf side of Florida, the edge of the Floridian Plateau lies more than 160 km offshore of Marco Island in Collier County. Florida Bay, lying between the Florida Keys and the mainland, is also very shallow; depths typically vary between 0.3 and 2 meters (Lane, 1981). These areas are subject to higher storm surges, but smaller waves.

This difference is because in deeper water, a surge can be dispersed down and away from the hurricane. However, upon entering a shallow, gently sloping shelf, the surge can not be dispersed away, but is driven ashore by the wind stresses of the hurricane.
Topography of the land surface is another important element in storm surge extent. Areas where the land lies less than a few meters above sea level are at particular risk from storm surge inundation.

Solution overview

2006-06-04T23:28:00.000-07:00

ambiLOG’s clear and well-organised user inter-face makes it easy to use even for
beginners. The standard ambiLOG version runs on any Windows PC or server. There is an optional web-client called ambiLOG Web which lets you use all ambiLOG features over the internet. In addition ambiLOG can also send reports automatically by email. The power of ambiLOG Queries are one of ambiLOG’s most powerful features. With queries, you can easily sort and filter large and small files containing call data. It’s as simple as dragging and dropping the relevant search criteria in the order you need. The result: an instantaneous structured overview of all the data.
The reporting features with ambiLOG make this a valuable tool for monitoring costs within your business. You can see at a glance which users, projects, departments or extensions have generated the highest costs and how much time has been spent on the phone. And, the option to see a concise overview of the top 10 highest costs as well as a detailed report with all connections allows you to spend just as much time as you need managing your business. You even have the choice of how to view the reports - in text or graphical form. Customisable for your business with fully automated operation ambiLOG features can be implemented to reflect the internal structure of your company such as departments, project groups and employees. In addition, users can be imported from your SwyxServer and linked to extensions and user information created in ambiLOG. Once configured, ambiLOG works fully automatically if you want it to. By setting up schedules, ambiLOG can automatically gather date from the SwyxServer and generate reports which can be sent to you via email. Features of ambiLOG web

• Additional web-based module for ambiLOG
• Additional web browser interfaces available
• All reports from ambiLOG available
• Automatic synchronisation with ambiLOG
• Easy to use with your web browser
• Multilingual
• Supports Linux, Unix and Windows platform
AmbiLOG: call accounting for SwyxWare

For the vast majority of businesses, telephony is still the most popular form of business communication. Therefore it is critical that the effectiveness of this tool is easy to monitor and account for. For example, do you know which parts of your business generate the highest calling costs, or how many calls fail to reach you because of busy lines, or when exactly your peak hours are?
Many modern computer-based PBXs can provide customers with a wealth of valuable data but that data is often hidden in endless columns of numbers. ambiLOG is a flexible and convenient tool that works in conjunction with SwyxWare to make the available information easy to analyse.

Homeoffersusa

2006-06-04T23:27:00.001-07:00

Online home sales have become more prominent in the real estate field. As per the recent data it’s recorded that most of the prominent states in USA and other prominent states worldwide prefer to sell home fast and therefore look forward for professionals who buy houses for cash and complete the real estate transactions quickly and easily within a short span of time. The deliberate devise of the internet in the web world has fastened the rate of home sales in this way. The online home sales professionals have real estate listings on their site covering most of the prominent states and other provinces worldwide especially USA, UK and Europe.

This novel strategy with which the people can make their home buying and selling process themselves by just sitting at home browsing through the net. This is the best way the buyer or seller prefers without lose of time and energy. More over there is no brokerage commission or any other fees to be paid to the online home sale professionals because they provide all the information’s cost free because they want to achieve a fast rate buying & selling process in the real estate field with their valued customers.

Some of online home buyers buy any type of homes for sales confined to a particular locality. They buy old, ugly, ruined, spoilt, damaged houses which are not preferred by most of the home buyers. They buy houses for cash demanded by the home seller. Home selling process which was very tiresome to people sometime back has now turned to be an easy going process with online home sale experts. In spite of high competition in the real estate field for new houses in most of the important destinies, the online home sales experts have proved to gather more homes in the market. They can easily buy homes for sale in such places.

Any lay man can make the home buying & selling process easy by just gathering the information’s in the internet. The online home sales professionals would be glad to welcome you and find the dream house for you in just few days time. They also give ample information’s regarding the search for a home in a particular city. Nowadays home buyers are very particular in selecting their house and for this reason; most of the online realtors furnish all the details of the house in the real estate listings along with the photos, sketch and maps of the house destined to the particular location within the country. They also help people to find houses in the country where they are recently relocated.

India tourism

2006-06-04T23:27:00.000-07:00

We organize tourism in India, building India tourism a pleasurable affair. We offer variable custom-made travel tour India packages customized to cover Indiana tourism in a more successful way. You can merge into the India culture sports and tourism surrounded by India tour breaks. Toptourguide.com gives you all the information essential for an unforgettable experience in India tourism. Make the best opportunity to tour and travel in India – a country of culture and conditions.

Vacation Villas

2006-06-04T23:26:00.000-07:00

A villa is a luxurious house built for the upper class people of Rome. An ancient author and Natural philosopher Mr. Pliny describes more in writtings about the Roman villas of the empire. He categorises the villas as two types they are the villa urbana and villa rustica. The villa urbana was a country seat which could easily be reached within a night or two from the Rome or another city. And the villa rustica is the farm house estate. These farm house estates are permanently occupied by the servants who had charge generally of the estate, which would center on the villa itself, perhaps these villas are seasonally occupied.

The dwelling quarters, consisting of several low buildings, included recreation facilities and lodgings for the servants. The villa rustica, which is the farmhouse type, had barns, orchards, and vineyards, and the villa urbana type which are used as a pleasure retreat had the incidental garden architecture adorned with fountains and sculptures.

There are other villas that originated during different periods like post-roman villas, renaissance villas, Palladio’s villas, English villas and modern villas.